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The Arctic region is within the red lineArctic exploration is the physical exploration of the region of the. It refers to the historical period during which mankind has explored the region north of the. Historical records suggest that humankind have explored the northern extremes since 325 BC, when the sailor reached a frozen sea while attempting to find a source of the metal tin. Dangerous oceans and poor weather conditions often fetter explorers attempting to reach and journeying through these perils by sight, boat, and foot has proven difficult. Contents.Ancient Greece Some scholars believe that the first attempts to penetrate the Arctic Circle can be traced to ancient Greece and the sailor, a contemporary of and, who, in 325 BC, attempted to find the source of the tin that would sporadically reach the Greek colony of Massilia (now ) on the coast. Sailing past the, he reached and then, eventually circumnavigating the. From the local population, he heard news of the mysterious land of, even farther to the north.
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After six days of sailing, he reached land at the edge of a frozen sea (described by him as '), and described what is believed to be the and the. Some historians claim that this new land of Thule was either the coast or the based on his descriptions and the trade routes of early British sailors.
While no one knows exactly how far Pytheas sailed, he may have crossed the Arctic Circle. Nevertheless, his tales were regarded as fantasy by later Greek and authorities, such as the geographer. The Middle Ages. Viking sailors reached the White Sea and Greenland and North AmericaThe first to sight Iceland was, who lost his route due to harsh conditions when sailing from Norway to the.
This quickly led to a wave of colonization. Not all the settlers were successful however in the attempts to reach the island. In the 10th century, got lost in a storm and ended up within sight of the coast. His report spurred, an outlawed chieftain, to establish a settlement there in 985. While they flourished initially, these settlements eventually foundered due to changing climatic conditions (see ). They are believed to have survived until around 1450.Greenland's early settlers sailed westward, in search of better and hunting grounds. Modern scholars debate the precise location of the new lands of, and that they discovered.
The peoples also pushed farther north into their own peninsula by land and by sea. As early as 880, the Viking rounded the and sailed to the and the.
The on the north of Kola Peninsula was founded by Russian monks in 1533; from their base at, the explored the, and —all of which are in the Arctic Circle. They also explored north by boat, discovering the, as well as penetrating to the trans- areas of northern. They then founded the settlement of east of the in the early 16th century. In 1648 the opened the now famous between America and Asia.Russian and traders on the coasts of the White Sea, the Pomors, had been exploring parts of the northeast passage as early as the 11th century. By the 17th century they established a continuous from as far east as the mouth of. This route, known as Mangazeya seaway, after its eastern terminus, the trade depot of Mangazeya, was an early precursor to the Northern Sea Route.Age of Discovery.
Patent from King, authorizing and his sons to explore new lands in the westA seminal event in Arctic exploration occurred in 1409, when 's was translated into, thereby introducing the concepts of into. Navigators were better able to chart their positions, and the race to, sparked by interest in the writings of, commenced. The, a, describes in a summary written by Jacobus Cnoyen but only found in a letter from, voyages as far as the North Pole.
One widely disputed claim is that two brothers from, allegedly made a of their journeys to that region, which were published by their descendants in 1558. Northwest Passage. TheThe connects the and via the Arctic Ocean.
Since the discovery of the was the product of the search for a route to Asia, exploration around the northern edge of continued for the Northwest Passage. 's initial failure in 1497 to find a Northwest Passage across the Atlantic led the British to seek an alternative route to the east.Interest re-kindled in 1564 after 's discovery of the mouth of the.
Had formed a resolution to undertake the challenge of forging a trade route from England westward to India. From 1576 to 1578, he took three trips to what is now the in order to find the passage. Is named after him.
In July 1583, Sir, who had written a treatise on the discovery of the passage and was a backer of Frobisher's, claimed the for the English crown.In 1585, under the employ of, the English explorer entered,. Davis rounded Greenland before dividing his four ships into separate expeditions to search for a passage westward. Though he was unable to pass through the icy Arctic waters, he reported to his sponsors that the passage they sought is 'a matter nothing doubtfull ,' and secured support for two additional expeditions, reaching as far as.Though England's efforts were interrupted in 1587 because of the, Davis's favorable reports on the region and its people would inspire explorers in the coming century. In 1609, while in the service of the, the English explorer sailed up what is now called the in search of the Passage; he reached present-day, before giving up. He later explored further north into the Arctic and for the Passage. The Northeast Passage. Jan Jansson's map of the 'Poli Arctici' from 1644.The Northeast Passage is a broad term for any route lying above the Eurasian continent and stretching between the waters north of the Norwegian Sea to the Bering Strait.
The 'Northern Sea Route' is defined as a specific portion of such routes. The Northern Sea Route (capitalized) as currently officially defined by Russian Federation law includes lanes falling within Russia's EEZ and extending from the Kara Sea to the Bering Strait along the northern coast.The idea to explore this region was initially economic, and was first put forward by Russian diplomat in 1525. The entire route lies in Arctic waters and parts are only totally free of ice for about two months per year, making it a very perilous journey. In the mid-16th century, John Cabot's son helped organize just such an expedition, led by Sir. Willoughby's crew was shipwrecked off the Kola Peninsula, where they eventually died of.
Chancellor and his crew made it to the mouth of the and the town of Arkhangelsk, where they were met by a delegation from the,. Brought back to, he launched the, promoting trade between England and Russia. This diplomatic course allowed British Ambassadors such as the opportunity to consolidate geographic information developed by Russian merchants into maps for British exploration of the region. Some years later, the master of Chancellor's ship, made it as far as the, when he was forced to turn back because of icy conditions. A Dutch map of Jan Mayen during the Golden Age of Dutch exploration and discovery (ca. The Dutch were the first to undisputedly explore and chart coastlines of and the in the.Western parts of the passage were simultaneously being explored by Northern European countries like England, the Netherlands, Denmark and Norway, looking for an alternative seaway to China and India.
Although these expeditions failed, new coasts and islands were discovered. Most notable is the 1596 expedition led by Dutch navigator who discovered Spitsbergen and.Fearing English and Dutch penetration into Siberia, Russia closed the Mangazeya seaway in 1619. Pomor activity in Northern Asia declined and the bulk of exploration in the 17th century was carried out by Siberian Cossacks, sailing from one river mouth to another in their Arctic-worthy.
In 1648 the most famous of these expeditions, led by Fedot Alekseev and, sailed east from the mouth of to the Pacific and doubled the, thus proving that there was no land connection between Asia and North America. Eighty years after Dezhnev, in 1728, another Russian explorer, Danish-born on Sviatoy Gavriil made a similar voyage in reverse, starting in and going north to the passage that now bears his name (Bering Strait). It was Bering who gave their current names to, discovered and first described by Dezhnev.It was not until in 1878 that Finnish-Swedish explorer made the first complete passage of the North East Passage from west to east, in the. The ship's captain on this expedition was Lieutenant of the Swedish Royal Navy.Northwest Passage. Led the first expedition to reach the, was the first person to reach both poles, and was the first person to traverse the.In the first half of the 19th century, parts of the Northwest Passage were explored separately by a number of different expeditions, including those by,; and overland expeditions led by,. Sir was credited with the by sea in 1851 when he looked across from and viewed.
However, the strait was blocked by young ice at this point in the season, and not navigable to ships. The only usable route, linking the entrances of and was first used by John Rae in 1851. Rae used a pragmatic approach of traveling by land on foot and, and typically employed less than ten people in his exploration parties.The Northwest Passage was not completely conquered by sea until 1906, when the Norwegian explorer, who had sailed just in time to escape creditors seeking to stop the expedition, completed a three-year voyage in the converted 47-ton herring boat. At the end of this trip, he walked into the city of, and sent a telegram announcing his success.
His route was not commercially practical; in addition to the time taken, some of the waterways were extremely shallow.(1879 - 1933) led several Arctic expeditions. He grew up in speaking and, and has been called the 'father of ' and was the first Greenlander of Inuit and European descent to cross the via. Rasmussen and his friend participated in seven, named after, and wrote numerous books on their Arctic experiences.The North Pole. And sledge party with flags at North Pole.
Peary has been claimed to be the first person to reach the North Pole.On April 6, 1909, claimed to be the first person in recorded history to reach the North Pole (although whether he actually reached the Pole is disputed). He traveled with the aid of dogsleds and three separate support crews who turned back at successive intervals before reaching the Pole. Many modern explorers, including Olympic skiers using modern equipment, contend that Peary could not have reached the pole on foot in the time he claimed.A number of previous expeditions set out with the intention of reaching the North Pole but did not succeed; that of British naval officer in 1827, the tragic American under in 1871, the ill-fated commanded by US Navy Lt Cmdr in 1879, and the Norwegian of in 1895. American claimed to have reached the North Pole in 1908, but this has not been widely accepted.On May 9, 1926, Americans and claimed to have flown over the North Pole in a Tri-motor monoplane.
However, their claim to have reached the Pole is disputed.The crew of the (including Roald Amundsen and the American sponsor ) flew over the Pole on May 12, 1926. This is the first undisputed sighting of the Pole. Norge was designed and piloted by the, who overflew the Pole a second time on May 24, 1928.
Nobile’s second trip was in the airship that ran into a storm on the return trip and crashed on the ice. Survivors were eventually recovered. Amundsen disappeared, with the crew of his sea plane, during the rescue operations.The first people to have without doubt walked on the North Pole were the Soviet party of 1948 under the command of Alexander Kuznetsov, who landed their aircraft nearby and walked to the pole.On August 3, 1958, the American submarine reached the North Pole without surfacing. It then proceeded to travel under the entire. On March 17, 1959 the surfaced on the North Pole and dispersed the ashes of explorer Sir.
These journeys were part of military explorations stimulated by the context.On April 19, 1968, reached the North Pole via, the first surface traveler known with certainty to have done so. His position was verified independently by a meteorological overflight.
In 1969, on foot and by dog sled, became the first man to reach the North Pole on muscle power alone, on the 60th anniversary of Robert Peary's famous but disputed expedition.The first persons to reach the North Pole on foot (or skis) and return with no outside help, no dogs, air planes, or re-supplies were and Misha Malakhov (Russia) in 1995. No one has completed this journey since.U.S. Air Force Lieutenant Colonel and Lieutenant landed a plane at the Pole on May 3, 1952, accompanied by the scientist.On 2 May 2007, got to the 1996 position of the magnetic north pole ( ) in modified.On 2 August 2007, during Russian manned submersibles were the first to descend to the sea-bed below the pole.On April 26, 2009, Afanassi Makovnev, Vladimir Obikhod, Sergey Larin, Alexey Ushakov, Alexey Shkrabkin and Nikolay Nikulshin after 38 days and over 2,000 km (1,200 mi) (starting from, ) 'Yemelya-1' and 'Yemelya-2' to the North Pole.See also.Notes.
Contents.Story The story begins with the Sages of the Kingdom of Rolando being infected with a disease, the 'Kilgorean Flu'. The king orders explorer Sir Richard to lead a team of Rolandos to Stormtop Mountain, to retrieve the Golden Orchid: the only thing that can save the Sages from the curse, and cure them of the flu. Sir Richard has different types of Rolandos to help him succeed in retrieving the Golden Orchid, such as those who can move large objects, dive underwater, and perform other unique navigational skills.Upon reaching the Isle of Fontanis, the Rolandos split up, but all head in the same general direction across the island. They all meet at Stormtop Mountain, the location of the Golden Orchid. However, the Orchid is guarded by Uqishthatuximon, a gigantic, tree-shaped monster. The Rolandos manage to destroy Uqishthatuximon, and claim the Orchid.
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They then head back down the mountain, and reach their ship.The Rolandos sail back to the Kingdom, and Sir Richard enters, being congratulated by the residents on the way to the castle. The Sages are cured, and begin to thank Richard, but another Rolando, Edward, drops in, and announces himself as the new king of the Kingdom. The game ends as the King pleads to their god, 'Finger', to save them.Gameplay.
Players tilt the device to guide Rolandos past obstacles to collect crystals and reach the exit within a time limit.Rolando 2 consists of 46 different, which span six chapters. The levels are in a environment, although the Rolandos remain in as in the original.
The object in each level is to use the accelerometer and multitouch features on the iPhone or iPod Touch to guide the Rolandos to the exit of each level, while avoiding various traps and pitfalls. Players move Rolandos by tilting the device in the direction that the players want the Rolandos to go in. The players must get a set minimum number of Rolandos to the exit.
There are multiple paths players can take to lead the Rolandos to the exit. If a Rolando makes contact with one of a certain type of object (e.g., an enemy), it becomes dazed; if a similar object contacts a dazed Rolando, then the Rolando dies. As a new feature which was not in, players can collect crystals that are scattered throughout the levels.
The game rates players at the end of each level, according to the number of Rolandos who reach the exit, the time it takes to get the minimum number of Rolandos to the exit, and the number of crystals collected. Throughout the levels there are other devices designed to help the Rolandos out, such as vehicles that move them around the levels, bombs that destroy obstacles, plants that serve as platforms for them, and turrets that can be used to dispatch enemies, and hit targets.Rolando 2 contains several new elements that were not in its predecessor. One of them is levels requiring Rolandos to deal with water. Whereas heavier Rolandos sink to the bottom of a water-filled level, smaller Rolandos float on the water's surface. In addition, in some levels, players need to guide the king to the exit by tilting the entire level, a feature similar to that found in the bonus stages of the original. In these levels, players also receive the ability to break blocks, using a cannon activated by their finger.
Some levels allow Rolandos to inflate balloons to navigate chasms. Other new features include items called 'Idols' that allow players to skip levels, medals that can be used to increase users' scores on accounts (a system that is similar to that used for ), and the ability to post high scores and level completion times on online leaderboards. Reception ReceptionAggregate scoresAggregatorScore95%90/100Review scorePublicationScoreRolando 2 has received much praise from reviewers for its unique gameplay elements, artwork, sound, and replayability. Levi Buchanan from lauded the game for its artwork, new features, level design, and replayability.
He also praised the music, saying that it 'sounds like Mr. Scruff was listening to everything from Boards of Canada to Bobby Womack and just synthesized it all for this game'.
Tracy Erickson from praised the game for its new gameplay mechanics, increased accessibility, and the ability to purchase tracks of Mr. Scruff's music from the. Trevor Sheridan from AppDevice.com said that Rolando 2 is 'by far the best platformer in the Apple App store'.
Like Buchanan and Erickson, he praised the game's sound, which, according to him, 'sets the standard for what other titles should strive for'. He praised the replayability, saying that the incorporation of the Plus+ network adds to it. Criticisms of the game were few.
Buchanan noted the game's higher-than-normal price, but said that the price is 'entirely appropriate for this premium-quality game'. Possible sequel Although Ngmoco cancelled the second sequel to Rolando, HandCircus (the developers) wrote on Twitter, 'the Rolando series is dear to our hearts, hope to return to the series someday'.At GDC 2014, the developers announced the game, which has a different setting, and other protagonists, but has a similar aesthetic and whimsiness.References. Retrieved 2009-07-06. Archived from on 2009-07-04. Retrieved 2009-07-06.
^ Cohen, Peter. Retrieved 2009-07-06. ^ Sheridan, Trevor (2009-07-03).
Retrieved 2009-07-06. ^ Buchanan, Levi (2009-06-30). Retrieved 2009-07-06. ^ Erickson, Tracy (2009-06-10). Retrieved 2009-07-06. ^ Xiung, Chong Jinn (2009-06-23).
Retrieved 2009-07-06. Retrieved 2019-04-03. Retrieved 2019-03-13.
Erickson, Tracy (2009-07-03). Retrieved 2020-03-24.
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